About activity FPG of South Korea in Russia.
About activity FPG of South Korea in Russia.
V.D.Andrianov.
The basic subjects of export of the capital in the world, carrying out
Process of integration of economic, are transnational
Corporations.
According to the author, transnational corporations (multinational corporation) are
Financial and industrial associations national or
The international capital, participating in the international
The division of labour, using advantages of internationalisation
Economic for the profit maximisation, carrying out
Centralised planning and traffic control of resources in
World scale.
Leaders of the multinational corporation in the world were generated on a basis
Financial and industrial groups (FPG). Processes of their formation and
Developments occur now in the new industrial
The countries, especially in Republic Korea (RK).
In South Korea FPG are called "chebol" (on-korejski - "financial
Oligarchy "). Their formation and development in RK has grown out
Combinations of the developed market relations to the state
Support successfully developing FPG. Government RK encouraged and
Has supported growth South Korean FPG by merge and strengthening
Industrial and financial base.
Development FPG became more active in the late fifties, when the USA
Have rendered RK the considerable financial help. In 1953 in Southern
To Korea was 5 "chebol", in 1965 - 10, in 1985 - 70 and in 1990
- Nearby 100. Quantity of the firms entering in FPG, in 80th years
Has increased with 400 to 850.
Now among "chebol" 45 large are allocated. Actives
Each of them exceed 400 billion (about 500 mln. dollars). But
Leaders in economy RK are 30 "chebol", cumulative
Which cost of actives in 1995 made almost 300 billion
Dollars, and turn - over 310 bln. dollars They have more than 600
Affiliated firms.
On an indicator of concentration of manufacture and capital FPG Southern
Korea advance the Japanese monopolies. In the mid-nineties volume
Sales of 10 largest Republics Koreas FPG made 175 billion
Dollars On their share were necessary 35 % of volume industrial
Manufactures, about 25 % of volume of foreign trade of South Korea.
Republics Koreas FPG differ considerable the branch
diversifikatsiej and the sizes of current debts. In them
Centralised planning is carried out. Their organizational
The structure reminds Japanese "dzajbatsu", i.e. In them has developed
Authoritative style of a management. Everyone FPG is supervised by the family
Clan, members of a family of the founder and its relatives are
The basic holders of actions of the companies which are a part of group.
By government RK estimations, approximately 60 % of actions FPG belong
To members of such family clans.
Special role South Korean monopolies in the course of integration have played
National economies in the world economy. Dynamical growth "chebol" and
Orientation to a foreign market promoted their transformation into the multinational corporation.
It is possible to carry to transnational corporations nearby 20
South Korean monopolies. It "Hende", "Samsung", "Deu", "Lakki
Goldstar "," Sankeng "," Ssangeng "," Korea eksplusivz "," Hanchzhin ",
"Kia", "Heson", "Dusan", "Colon", "Hanva", "Lotte", "Hanil",
"Kymho", "Delim", "Dong-AND-konstrakshn". In the list of 500 largest
The industrial companies of the world enter 11 leading South Korean
"chebol", from them 4 in the first 100.
Thanks to high competitiveness of the South Korean goods and
The active commercial policy "chebol" South Korea managed to occupy
Firm positions in many world commodity markets.
Activity "chebol" promoted the accelerated industrialisation
And integration of South Korea into economic, but into 90th these years
The multinational corporations began to constrain development of economy RK. Their dominating
Position in many South Korean commodity markets negatively
Influences development of the competitive environment in economy RK, constrains
Development of small and average business, limits freedom
Businesses.
Therefore government RK has started to pursue a policy, directed
On razukrupnenie "chebol", and also their narrower specialisation.
The Ministry of Trade and the industries of South Korea has obliged 10
Leaders "chebol", including "Hende", "Samsung", "Lakki
Goldstar "and" Deu "to define three key industries of specialisation,
And 20 following it on size "chebol" - two branches.
The state has decided to cancel a number of restrictions on bank and
Foreign loans also renders "chebol" support in research and development sphere.
Now about 400 South Korean companies support
Trade relations with Russia, from them about 40 (10 %) have
Permanent missions in Russia (24 - in Moscow).
On 20 largest companies it is necessary about 95 % of volume
Russian-South Korean goods turnover and investment
Cooperation, including on 7 leaders - "Hende", "Samsung",
"Deu", "Lakki Goldstar", "Ssangeng", "Kohap", "Dzhindo" - almost
90 %.
Several South Korean "chebol" managed to occupy enough
Strong positions in separate segments of the Russian market
Consumer goods. So, on firm "Ð Ð Ð Ñ Ñ Ð?г" share in 1995
20 % of total amount of sales of household electronics were necessary in
Russia, including 24 % of modern models of MICROWAVE OVENS (the specific
Firm "Ð Ñ Ñ " weight - about 16 %).
For large South Korean firms Russia is strategic
The market which development is included into their plans of a gain of the strong
Positions in the world markets.
"Hende". Company "Ð Ð Ð?Ð?Ñ " has development long-term plans
Cooperation with Russia on long prospect.
The agreement signed in 1990 between "Hende" and the Ministry
Wood, derevoobrabatyvajushchej and a pulp and paper industry
The USSR provided joint working out within 30 years
Wood resources in Primorski Krai in area "Light" (about the Find)
Total area of 870 thousand sq. km.
For project financing the joint company has been created.
"Hende" plans to invest about 54 mln. dollars (it is already enclosed
16 mln. dollars), that has provided to it half of participation in the authorised
The capital. From a Russian side founders are
"Primorsklesprom" and "Tyrnejles".
Under this agreement, annual volume of preparation of wood
The wood Most part makes about 1 million cubic m. is delivered in
South Korea and other countries. In 1990 - 1992 incomes of export
Wood reached 50 mln. dollars the next years export volume
Has increased. Deliveries of wood from Russia should provide to 10 %
Requirements of South Korea for wood.
As indemnification the South Korean party was obliged to deliver
Cars and the equipment for wood preparation. It is besides, planned
To modernise ports the Find and poset.
"Hende" declared intention to enclose 500 mln. dollars in
Factory building on manufacture of saw-timbers and another
Production.
Deliveries to Russia sea courts which are under construction on proceed
Company "Ð Ð Ð?Ð?Ñ " shipyards. The Total cost of the contract concluded
With the Ministry of a marine sea fleet of the USSR, it is estimated in 620 mln. dollars
Calculations should be carried out on the terms of instalments of payments, at
Assistance of export-import bank of South Korea.
"Hende" develops the large project on development of gas resources
Western Siberia. The first turn provides building
Gas pipeline Sakhalin - Komsomolsk-on-cupid - Korean
The peninsula, the second - building of a gas pipeline from Yakutia through
Territory of the Russian Far East, through the North Korea in
The southern.
In long-term prospect a basis fuel and energy
Balance of South Korea there will be a natural gas.
Realisation of the civil-engineering design of a gas pipeline from Republic Sakha
(Yakutia) is co-ordinated by the Department of Energy and resources RK,
The Korean gas corporation with the assistance of FPG "Deu", "Samsung",
"Lakki Goldstar", "Yukon", and also firms of the USA. For coordination
Activity the Russian-South Korean consortium is created.
By estimations of experts, a project estimated cost - 20 -
25 bln. dollars develop Now a consortium
The project feasibility report, its cost - 10
Mln. dollars
"Hende" namerena to participate in development of coal deposits
Seaside. The preliminary arrangement is reached with
The government of the Russian Federation about working out of a deposit around
Partizansk. In the future joint consortium "Hende" and another
To South Korean firm - "Deuson konsolidejted koul majn the Building"
25 % of the share capital will belong.
It is supposed, that at the initial stage annual extraction will make
300 - 500 thousand t, and in the long term can increase to 2 million t in
Year. But for deposit development it is necessary to lay 320 km
Tracks.
There is a civil-engineering design in a northeast part of Siberia
The world's largest petrochemical complex. Its cost
It is estimated more than in 2 bln. dollars, from them "Hende"
Assumes to enclose 600 mln. dollars In project realisation probably
Company participation "Kombashn engineering" (USA).
Besides cooperation in raw branches "Ð Ð Ð?Ð?Ñ " namerena
To participate in building in Primorski Krai the pulp-and-paper
Combine, car-building factory.
Cooperation with "Hende" in manufacture of the automobile is perspective
Cars in east part of Russia. Such variants were discussed
Government RK in the external economic organisations of Russia, and
Also with a management of American company "Ford" which can
To become the partner of the future joint venture in assemblage
Cars.
"Hende" has already created the enterprise for assemblage of cars in
nerjungri (Yakutia) on capacities of the joint
Russian-South Korean firm "S. B. M. Co Ltd.". The first
The car is collected in 1996, and in 1997 is planned to collect from
Details and the sites delivered from South Korea, 400 automobile
Cars.
Firm "Ð Ð Ð?Ð?Ñ " cars are intended for Far East
Areas of Russia, their price - about 15,5 thousand dollars the next years
In Yakutia it is planned to construct the first station of the technical
Service of cars of firm "Ð Ð Ð?Ð?Ñ ".
In 1996 the Government of the Russian Federation has decided to involve the firm credit
"Hende" in 10 mln. dollars for financing of purchases by the joint-stock
Society "Kratos" of the special automobile technics for
Invalids, creations of the technical service centres for these cars,
And also for the organisation of assemblage of household electronic equipment with
Use of work of invalids.
"Samsung". For "Hende" the basic sphere of the investment
Cooperation with Russia are basically raw branches.
South Korean group "Ð Ð Ð Ñ Ñ Ð?г" namerena to be engaged in the modern
The high technology branches. "Samsung" namerena to organise in the Russian Federation
Release of the first models of TVs of new type with the flat screen and
The "cold" cathode, and also TVs with liquid crystal
The screen.
The given project developed together with the Saratov scientific research institute
"Volga", is risky. In case of success "Samsung" becomes
The first of leading manufacturers electronic and electrotechnical
Production in the Russian Federation. "Samsung" assumes to begin release of these products
In 1997
For "Samsung" participation in the large project is perspective on
Upgrades of a network of telecommunication communication in Russia - "50Ñ 50".
The project provides installation of 50 new telephone exchanges and
Lining of 50 thousand in km of a fiber-optical cable. The general
Cost of the program of upgrade is estimated in 12 - 15 billion
Dollars which can be mastered within 5 years.
Within the limits of this project "Samsung" has created about "Rostelecom" station and
Has opened in the Saratov area a telephone exchange on 10 thousand
Numbers, created on technology "Samsung elektroniks".
Besides, "Samsung elektroniks" has opened the similar telephone
Station on 22 thousand numbers in Makhachkala (Dagestan). In
To prospect here is planned to start up in operation station
Cellular communication on 1 thousand subscribers. For project realisation it is created
The joint company "Dagestan cellular communication".
"Samsung" plans to introduce the next years in the Russian market
New technology of cellular communication. In 1996 the agreement is signed with
Russian camera company "Ð Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð?Ð " (of Ivanovo) about
Deliveries of digital system of a mobile communication of standard CDMA,
Which basic advantage is more economic
Use of radio frequencies (one channel can use at once
Some subscribers). The Total cost of the contract is estimated in 2
Mln. dollars
In the long term "Samsung" plans to expand deliveries to Russia
Household electronic equipment and to finish an annual sales volume to
100 mln. dollars Relative density "Samsung" in the Russian market the household
Electronic equipment can increase from 20 % in 1995 to more
25 % in 2000
So, it is planned to increase deliveries of modern models microwave
Furnaces. Relative density of firm in the Russian market will increase with 24 to
35 %.
"Samsung" namerena to present a new series of house refrigerators
In capacity 290 - 430 l which are made without application
ozonorazrushajushchih freonov. Deliveries of these products will increase a share
"Samsung" in the Russian market of refrigerators twice (the general
Share of import deliveries of refrigerating technics to Russia in 1995
Made 53 %).
Cooperation with Voronezh NPO "Electronics" will proceed,
Letting out videorecorders on South Korean technology.
The increase in its capacities at the expense of deliveries of the equipment is possible,
And also sites and details from South Korea for assemblage
Videorecorders.
In the long term "Samsung" plans to increase twice
Manufacture of household electronic equipment in Russia. For
Improvements of sale of production in the Russian Federation the dealer network is created,
It is planned to open 10 service centres.
"Samsung" namerena to construct in Russia the enterprises for release
The medical equipment, refrigerators, the household electronic
Equipments. The hotel civil-engineering design is considered in
To Moscow.
"Lakki Goldstar" has a plan of action in Russia, but in
Difference from "Hende" and "Samsung" which rely on the own
Forces, "Lakki Goldstar" for advancement on the Russian market has solved
To unite with the companies of the USA and Japan.
So, for natural resources development of Siberia the joint is created
The enterprise with participation of South Korea, the USA, Japan and Russia, in
Which leading building company of the USA "Bechtel" enters
("Behtel"). This enterprise namereno to build hotels and inhabited
At home at Pacific coast to the north of Vladivostok, factories on
To release of saw-timbers and seafood and to export
Made production to South Korea, Japan and other countries.
In 1995 one of company divisions "Goldstar Interneshnl end
Komjunikejshn "has signed the agreement from joint-stock company" Ð Ð?Ñ Ð?Ð?Ð Ð?Ñ Ð Ñ Ð?Ñ Ð Ð?Ñ Ð?Ñ Ð "about
Cooperation in a scope of the switching equipment
For digital automatic telephone exchanges in the regional centres of area. "Goldstar
International "within three years will put the telecommunication
The equipment for average and small automatic telephone exchanges in the general capacity of 51 thousand
Numbers. The project is carried out within the limits of the program "Phone for
Villages ".
The joint venture on assemblage of household electronics is planned
To create in Novosibirsk on the basis of production association NPO
"East". From the Korean party the firm "Lakki will be the participant
Goldstar elektroniks ", with Russian - Novosibirsk firm" the Trance
-Pur ". At the first stage" Lakki Goldstar "plans to adjust assemblage
From imported components of radio tape recorders. Further assortment
Production it will be expanded at the expense of release of mixers, refrigerators
And other electrotechnical products.
"Deu". Activity increase "Deu" in the markets of the Eastern Europe
And Russia it is connected with strategic plans South Korean
Concern to enter into ten leading world manufacturers
Cars. Last years representatives "Deu" study
Variants of creation of automobile manufacture in Russia.
The management "Deu" is ready to go on financing for the bill
Own means of creation of automobile factory, if
The Russian side will give an industrial premise with
Necessary communications and infrastructure. It is studied
Some variants of realisation of the project of creation car assembly
The enterprises.
Negotiations with joint-stock company "GAS" management on the possible are carried on
To cooperation in manufacture of accessories for cars, and
Also manufacture together with Austrian firm "Schtir"
Diesel engines with which it is planned to equip
Minilorries "GAZELLES".
Negotiations of representatives "Deu" with a management of "Autovases" on
To cooperation in manufacture of cars were at a deadlock
Because of standard requirements of South Korean firm on
To granting to it of unreasonable tax and customs privileges.
In 1996 "Deu" with "ZIL" negotiations were carried on for creation of the joint
Manufactures of cars (200 thousand piece a year) on it
To base.
Negotiations on factory creation on manufacture of the automobile were carried on
Cars in Elabuge capacity of 200 thousand piece in a year. "Deu"
Suggested to make in Elabuge the stamp car "Rejser" with
In volume of the engine 1,5 l, modified taking into account its specificity
Operation in Russia and other CIS countries.
The project provided a construction pressovogo shops, and also weldings
Bodies and shop of colouring, factory on manufacture of engines,
Transmissions, assembly shop, etc. However negotiations have come to the end
Without results.
Plans on creation of large car assembly factories in Russia "Deu" not
Could realise, but in 1995 at the Rostov factory "Red
Aksaj "the first party of cars of models has been collected
"Espero" and "Nexia". At this enterprise it is supposed to collect
To 4 thousand cars a year from the accessories delivered from
South Korea. The price of these cars - 13 - 14 thousand dollars
Company "Ð Ñ Ñ " searches for the Russian machine-building enterprises, on
Which namerena to organise assemblage of buses.
The manufacture reshaping will be carried out for the bill
Financings by concern "Ð Ñ Ñ ". Interest to cooperation in this
Areas were shown by administration and a number of the enterprises of of Krasnoyarsk.
"Deu" studies the offer on acquisition of not completed shop on
To manufacture of aluminium sheet on Krasnoyarsk the aluminium
Factory.
Advancement possibilities on the Russian market of the digital are studied
Telephone exchanges "Deu", having the conformity certificate
The Ministries of Communications of the Russian Federation (for automatic telephone exchange of type DTS) which can
To be applied on city telephone systems of Russia. Probably
Joint venture creation on equipment manufacture
Communications.
"Palmko" ("Palmeko") has agreements with the Ministry
Power of South Korea and IN "Tehsnabeksport" about export from
Russia the enriched uranium.
The agreement is concluded for 10 years and provides deliveries in Southern
Korea 390 t an uranium concentrate. In 1990 it has been bought 40 t,
In 1991 - 1992 - on 30 t, in 1993 - 1998 should
To be delivered on 40 t and in 1999 - 50 t. Import of the enriched
Uranium from Russia will provide 19 % of requirements South Korean
Nuclear power. Now in South Korea operate 9
Nuclear reactors and 7 are under construction.
The transaction partially has barter character, i.e. To 30 % of payment
Deliveries of an uranium concentrate it will be carried out by deliveries
The South Korean goods.
"Kohap". The Korean firm "Ð Ð?Ñ Ð Ð¿" specialising on
To trade in petrochemical products, synthetic fibres,
Automobile spare parts and other products, plans
To increase a trade turnover in Russia about 50 mln. dollars in 1994 to
More than 100 million in 2000
"Kohap" plans to continue financing constructed by it
Centre of science in Vladivostok and to render the material
Support to the International centre koreevedenija at Moscow
The state university. The large project "Kohap" in the Russian Federation
Joint venture activity on processing is
Diamonds in Republic Sakha (Yakutia).
For the majority South Korean "chebol" Russia is
The strategic market which development is included into their plans
World market gains.
To the small and average South Korean companies because of absence
The state crediting and insurance foreign trade
Transactions, and also because of political and economic instability
In Russia it is difficult to compete to the South Korean multinational corporations on a gain
Positions in the Russian market.
All large South Korean FPG have created special divisions,
Co-ordinating economic relations in Russia also have plans
Development of the Russian market.
The South Korean transnational companies are interested in
Access reception to raw, scientifically-technological and to others
To resources of Russia. The South Korean capital can be used in
To raw materials processing, in the conversion enterprises, realisation
Scientific and technical workings out. It is necessary to make active
Technological partnership and investment cooperation, and
Direct investments to concentrate in the enterprises focused
On a foreign market.
The most attractive to the companies of South Korea are
Following spheres investment Ñ Ð?Ñ Ñ Ñ Ð?Ð?Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ñ Ð Ð :.
Creation of firms on joint deep processing of raw materials
(Wood, coal, oil, natural gas, mineral raw materials and
Other);.
Shipbuilding and port economy (building and repair of the sea
Courts and the ship equipment, mother ships, sea chisel platforms,
Upgrade of ports and port economy, building of the sea
Docks, etc.);.
Machine-tool construction (export and import, and also co-production
Production, including trade in licences, leasing of the industrial
The equipment);.
Creation of the enterprises for release of the consumer goods
(Clothes, footwear, household electronic equipment, furniture, etc.),
Partially with export orientation;.
Transport (transportation of cargoes by containers from the countries
Northeast Asia to Europe on the Trans-Siberian highway,
The organisation of warehouses and reloading points, upgrade and replacement
Rolling stock, building of container terminals);.
Fishery (joint lov and processing of fish and seafood);.
Building of objects industrial, civil and
Social purpose;.
Hotel economy (building of hotels, trading and
Commercial centres);.
Tourism (development of material resources of tourism in Russia, etc.);.
The branches of a military-industrial complex which are carrying out conversion
Manufactures (creation of new materials, development of the space
Spaces, satellite and fiber-optical communication, the goods
Consumer purpose, etc.);.
Creation of free economic zones (joint creation
Industrial infrastructure, the organisation scientifically-industrial
Parks and technopolises, etc.).
The effective can become portfelnye to the investment South Korean
Firms in economy of the Russian Federation. The second stage of privatisation in Russia
Assumes possibility of acquisition of actions privatised
The enterprises in the share market. The existing legislation
Opens possibilities for investors from South Korea in
Acquisition of actions of the most profitable and perspective
The enterprises in the Far East the Russian Federation and as a whole in Russia.
The American and West European companies made active
Activity in the share market of Russia, using the brave
(Venture) capital, and South Korean campaigns occupy
Waiting attitude.
Cooperation development in the share market of Russia can solve and
Problem of the Russian financial debts to Republic Korea
By transfer of property rights on the Russian enterprises at
Condition of working off of the mechanism of participation of South Korean investors in
Privatisations of objects in territory of Russia (mainly in
Far East region) with the subsequent attraction of the capital and
Technologies for manufacture of competitive production.
Priority direction of investment cooperation of Russia with
Scientific and technical cooperation should become republic Korea.
It is expedient to concentrate efforts to the following Ð?Ð Ð¿Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð?Ð Ñ Ñ :.
Joint kommertsializatsija available Russian scientific
Workings out and technologies on the basis of institutes of the Russian academy
Sciences and branch scientific research institutes;.
The organisation of co-productions in Russia and the countries
Northeast Asia with use of the Russian patents and
Licences;.
Databank creation on the advanced Russian technologies in
The branches which are of interest for the South Korean companies;.
Attraction of the venture capital and creation riskofondov for
Financings of the newest and perspective scientific and technical
Workings out in Russia;.
Use liberated as a result of conversion and
Reductions of a military production of scientific and technical capacities and
Highly-skilled personnel of the defensive enterprises for
Adjustments of manufacture of civil production as industrial,
And consumer purpose;.
More active attraction of various scientific funds and allocated
Them of grants for support of scientific researches of the Russian scientists;.
Creation of joint funds for financing of the fundamental
Researches;.
Creation on the basis of the Russian education system with attraction
Leading South Korean scientific joint higher educational institutions
For preparation of experts in such areas, as marketing,
Management, the financial markets, social infrastructure, etc.;.
Participation of the Russian scientists in perspective programs
Research jobs in South Korea;.
The organisation of technopolises, including in the free economic
Zones in the Far East Russia.
In July, 1997 in Seoul documents on creation have been paraphed
Russian-South Korean technopark in the free economic
To zone "Find". The first session of the intergovernmental has come to the end
The commissions on trade and economic and scientific and technical
To cooperation between Russia and South Korea.
Level of privileges given in technopark above, than
It is provided in the law of the Russian Federation on creation of the special economic
Zones. It is made to involve technologies Russian,
The South Korean and Japanese companies. Firms which will work
In SEZ, will acquire besides customs privileges the right not to pay
The first 8 years taxes from profit, and in a case reinvestirovanija
Means tax discounts will be prolonged by it. Privileges are provided
Under the tax to the added cost.
It is necessary to solve also a question on the contract on earth cost in SEZ
"Find". The price offered by the South Korean party on 50 cents
For sq. m it is unreal. The price on 2 dollars for sq. m. is possible
By estimations, in the end of 1996 South Korean FPG, and first of all
"Daewoo", "Samsung" and "Laky Goldstar (LG)", together with 12
Banks have got almost 25 % of the Russian eurobonds of the first
Release on 250 mln. dollars the next years inflow growth is possible
The capital South Korean FPG in acquisition of bonds Russian
The state loans which the Government of the Russian Federation plans
To place in the largest world financial centres.
//* an information Source: BIKI, 11.09.97
//* Reg. Nom. - 6070900086.06-------------------------------------------
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