The international tourism in economy of the Western Europe. (A part 1).
The international tourism in economy of the Western Europe. (A part 1).
M.V.Kobjak.
The international tourism makes multilateral impact on
Economy of the West European countries. For the separate country it
Is the source of currency receipts feeding
Profitable part of the balance of payments. With development of the international
Tourism by fast rates the tourist industry is formed,
In which sphere the hotel economy is involved,
Transport, food, shoe, a clothing industry,
Mechanical engineering, excursion service and many other things
Branches of production of goods and services. Developing
The tourist industry creates new workplaces, grow
Population incomes, output, GNP; level raises
Well-beings of the nation as a whole.
Beneficial influence of the international tourism affects on
To economy of all without an exception of the West European countries in
Dependences on degree of its development, and also on that, is
Whether the country net-exporter tourist services or them
nettoimporterom.
Traditionally net-exporters tourist services in
To the Western Europe Austria, Switzerland, Spain are,
Italy, France, Turkey, Portugal. Other countries have
Excess of expenses over incomes of international tourism,
Being net-importers a tourist product.
According to IMF recommendations in an active of the payment
Balance under article "Tourism" receipts from sale are enlisted
Tourist services, receipts from export of goods
Tourist demand and the equipment for the tourist
The enterprises, receipts from sale of other services (preparation
Shots, granting of services of experts of the given country
To foreign countries); transport expenses of the foreign
Visitors, investments of the foreign capital into the tourist
The industry.
In the balance of payments join not only the incomes connected with
Stay of foreign tourists in the given country, but also and
Receipts from realisation of wide scale of the goods and services,
Made by the tourist industry and delivered in others
The countries.
The similar principle is applied at inclusion of expenses on
To tourism in a passive of the balance of payments. Into their number enter
Acquisition of tourist services and the goods, import of the goods,
Necessary for the international travel, etc.
Receipts and expenses on tourism in countries of Western Europe.
1990 1995 1996 1997
(Estimation)
(Bln. dollars)
I II I II I II I II
Austria 0,56 0,14 11,8 6,3 13,8 12,1 14,7 13,0
The Great Britain 0,54 0,81 16,0 19,8 20,0 25,0 20,8 26,5
Italy 1,3 0,3 16,4 10,1 28,2 12,7 30,0 15,0
Spain 1,16 0,07 14,5 4,3 25,9 4,6 27,4 5,1
France 0,91 0,94 21,3 13,5 28,2 17,5 30,4 17,8
GERMANY 0,7 1,5 11,0 30,1 15,8 49,6 16,6 50,9
Switzerland 0,54 0,81 6,9 6,0 8,7 7,8 9,0 8,2
п я п п п я п п?п п :I - Receipts, II - expenses.
To estimate influence on a national economy positive or
Negative balance under article "Tourism" probably only in
Context with results of foreign trade in the goods. For the countries with
Deficiency of trading balance positive balance on
To the international tourism allows to compensate this deficiency,
And on occasion to reduce balance of payments on the flowing
To operations with positive balance.
As an example it is possible to result Italy, where
The compensating effect of receipts from tourism allowed to soften
Problem of external calculations during all post-war
The period, and in 90th years positive balance on the flowing
To operations on 70 - 80 % were formed at the expense of the contribution from
The international tourism.
The important role is played by currency aspect of tourism in
Foreign economic relations and in formation of the payment
Balance of Austria, Spain, Switzerland of the countries with the chronic
Deficiency of foreign trade.
At the same time many West European countries have
Negative balance under article Tourism ", but it not
It is regarded by them as defined ushcherbnost them
Foreign economic relations, when national currency
"Departures" abroad, burdening the balance of payments. Despite
The considerable sizes of deficiency of tourist balance in
Some countries (in Germany, for example, in 1990 it has reached 31
Bln. dollars), continue to develop these countries intensively
The tourist industry also do not put any restrictions
Wishing to visit other countries.
As a whole the most important starting indicator is not
Parity between incomes and expenses on tourism, and scales,
Dynamics and character of entrance tourism, as it
Stimulates formation and development of the tourist industry.
Share of the countries in total amount of receipts from the international
Tourism in the Western Europe.
1990 1996
(% to a result)
Austria 9,7 8,1
The Great Britain 13,1 11,7
Greece 2,1 2,2
Denmark 2,7 20,0
Italy 13,5 16,5
Spain 11,9 15,1
The Netherlands 3,0 3,6
Norway 1,2 1,3
Portugal 2,9 2,5
France 17,5 16,5
GERMANY 9,0 9,1
Sweden 2,4 2,2
Switzerland 5,7 4,5
The other countries 5,3 4,7
Considerable share in the general receipts from tourism have as
The countries with positive balance of tourist balance
Payments (Italy, Spain, France, Austria), and the countries
With considerable deficiency (Germany, the Great Britain). Itself on
Relative density does not give itself full representation about a role
Foreign tourism in a national economy, and it it is necessary
To correlate with scales of the country and its level of the economic
Developments. For an estimation of the contribution of foreign tourism in economy
It is expedient to use not one, and system of indicators,
Which would reflect influence of tourism on creation of new workers
Places not only in a tourist infrastructure, but also in others
Spheres of manufacture and services, which in the set
Form the tourism industry. A final indicator is
Share in gross national product of the country of those services and the goods which were
Are made in various sectors of the tourist industry. For
Characteristics of a role of tourism in economy its influence is important on
Regional development, its stimulating value in creation
New branches of manufacture of the goods and services, specially
The foreign travellers calculated on demand.
In 1996 the general number occupied in the tourist industry
The EU countries has reached 8,5 million that there corresponded on the average 6 %
Economically active population. In Spain and Portugal in
Tourism 10 % of economically active population have been occupied, in
Greece and France - 8 %, Italy - 7 %, Germany - 6 %, the Great Britain -
5 %. The Most part of a manpower in tourism is necessary on
Hotel and restaurant economy, tourist services.
Along with direct employment in sphere of service of tourists
Employment growth in adjacent branches with tourism is observed
Economy. Tourist consumption expressly or by implication
Stimulates development of the branches making the corresponding
The goods and services and consequently, also makes active
Capital investments in these branches. Than import volume less
The specified branches, the influence of tourism on their development there is more.
Foreign tourism makes essential impact on
The food-processing industry. Many tourists independently
Will organise the travel, not resorting to services
Travel companies and hotels. For this category of the foreign
Visitors high expenses on acquisition are characteristic
Foodstuff. According to the French statistics, such
Expenses make 8 - 10 % of a total sum of receipts from
Foreign tourism.
Tourism growth stimulates development building
The industries, in particular a construction of hotels and others
Tourist objects, including harbours and moorings for
Sea walks, platforms for a golf, lifts on the winter
Ski resorts, etc.
The international tourism has given a push to development concerning the new
Branches - to manufacture of mountain-skiing stock and formation
The world market of special skis, boots and another
The equipment. The increase is connected with the international tourism
Demand for health services.
Tourism stimulates development of craft branches,
Souvenirs specialising on manufacturing, manufactures
"The goods of a class lux" (products of an applied art,
Jewels, perfumery and the cosmetic goods) and others
Branches, in particular light industry. As a whole it is enough
Large purchases of tourists in other country get character
Original "house" export when importers are
Tourists. In Switzerland. Foreign tourists buy
Considerable part of hours made in the country, in France -
Perfumery, in Italy and Spain - footwear etc.
Beneficial effect on economy West European
The countries render scientific and technical and commercial tourism,
organizuemye in the course of tourist visitings the scientific
Symposiums, the exchange of the technical information bringing the mutual
Advantage, visiting of exhibitions and fairs, establishment in process
Tourist trip of business contacts and the conclusion of contracts.
Incomes of tourism stimulate development of regions, most
Visited by foreign travellers. Directly
Direct costs of tourists form incomes of travel companies,
Hotels, the transport companies and other enterprises
The tourist industry. Indirect effect of straight lines tourist
Expenses are wages increase by local worker and
Employee, and also expansion of states in the tourist
The organisations. As there is a further increase
Wages in given economic region,
Consumption also tends to increase, and all it in
Sets are given by an additional impulse for the regional
Economic development.
One of the most visited countries in the Western Europe
Spain is. In 1960 this country have visited 6 million
The person, in 1970 - 24 million, in 1980-38 million, in 1997 -
62,3 million Incomes of tourism grew higher rates on
To comparison with Central European. In 1996, for example, they
Have reached 3,33 bln. pesetas (27 bln. dollars), having increased on
7,8 % concerning previous year.
The industry of tourism of Spain represents the key
National economy branch as in it it is created over 8 % of gross national product
Also 10 % of economically active population are occupied. Spanish
Tourism occupies in the lead position in the world - as on
Attendance of the country (8,1 % of all world tourism), and on
To currency receipts (6,9 % of receipts from world tourism).
Tourism in Spain is based on first class natural,
Historical and cultural monuments, and also on
To its advanced structure. Environment degradation in
Spain more low, than on the average across the EU countries; the protected
Territories make 40 % of similar territories of EU.
A variety of cultures and aesthetic styles in Spain has generated
Rich cultural heritage with more than 10 thousand protected
Monuments and 0,3 thousand istoriko-art ensembles.
Spain has the various numerous
Tourist objects and the equipment. Besides, it
Has rather considerable "know-how" in the given area, which
It will frequently be claimed by other countries. In 1996 number of places in
Hotels has exceeded 1 million In addition there are 300 sea
Tourist objects, 136 golf courses, 128 resorts, 22
Casino, etc.
The basic part of tourist visitings is necessary on
The West European countries. Among them the greatest relative density
Belongs to the French tourists (22 %), Portuguese (17 %),
German (16 %) and English (15 %). Number of tourists from the USA
Exceeds 1 million (1,7 %).
Feature of entrance tourism of Spain is
Considerable number of the individual visitings, which share
Comes nearer to 1/3 their totals. It is connected with that,
What is the foreigners have got last years the real estate
In resort zones of Spain, together with in cities also make
Regular trips with the business or recreational purposes.
Spain takes an in the lead place in the Western Europe not
Only by quantity of tourist visitings, but also on the specific
To weight of receipts from tourism in export of goods and services,
Which fluctuates for the last few years in limits
25 % (the Central European indicator is estimated in 8 %).
For Spain low level of exit tourism (is characteristic in
1995 - 17 million persons). As consider, numerous
National sights involve Spaniards more,
Than foreign. Relative density of expenses for tourism in the personal
Consumption of Spaniards (in 1996 1,5 %) - the lowest in
To the Western Europe. A share of expenses on tourism in import of the goods and
Services of Spain is at level 3,5 - 4 % against 6 %
Central European indicator. Among countries of Western Europe
Spain in 1980 occupied 12 place under expenses on tourism
(2,7 % of the general expenses) also advanced only two countries Finland
And Greece. In 1981 1990 expenses on exit tourism
Grew higher rates in comparison with Central European
Dynamics therefore their relative density has increased to
3,4 %. In the nineties high rates of growth of expenses were saved and
Advanced dynamics of incomes of entrance tourism.
In recommendations World tourist the organisations (WTO)
The most actual means promoting are specified
To the further development of the international tourism. The WTO considers, that
It is necessary to take measures for maintenance of growth of branch on
Differentiations of image of each country, cultural-historical and
Natural regions; to marketing development; to expansion
Cooperation with a private sector and neighbouring countries and
Regions; to development by travel agencies of the new
Territories; to strengthening of recreational potential of areas with
High rates of expansion of considered branch.
Spain follows in the tideway of stated recommendations, in
Particulars concerning formation original and
Attractive romantic image, that in the considerable
To measure provides to it stable growth of entrance tourism.
Another has not less attractive image South European
The country - Italy located in the centre of the cores international
The tourist streams, washed by the warm seas and rich
Historical and architectural monuments. In economy of Italy
Tourism occupies one of leading places. Service
Numerous tourists gives means of subsistence to much
To Italians. In tourist branch it is occupied about 7 %
Economically active population. In some provinces,
Especially in mountain districts of the South, tourism and connected with it
Revival of old crafts supplement or even replace
Agriculture as a traditional source of incomes for
Local residents. Tourism serves also as the revenue in
The budget of the country and one of the basic sources of receipt
Foreign currency.
In 1980 of receipt from foreign tourism have made
19,6 bln. it. L., in 1995 they have increased to 46,8 bln. In 1996
Of receipt remained at level of previous year,
Having made 46,8 bln. it. L. (30 bln. dollars). Positive
The balance of balance on the international tourism was equaled in 1990
7,5 bln. it. L., in 1994 - 19,5, in 1995 - 23,1 and in 1996
- 22,4 bln. it. L.
//* an information Source: BIKI, 26.03.98
//* Reg. Nom. - 1080300255.01-------------------------------------------
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